Egypte

Egypte was vroeger een heel belangrijk land. 5000 jaar geleden konden zij al huizen bouwen. Ze hadden al een schrift om te lezen en te schrijven, hadden steden en maakten mooie dingen. En dat terwijl de mensen in ons land dat allemaal nog niet hadden ! Door Egypte stroomt een hele lange rivier. Die rivier heet "De Nijl". En 1 keer per jaar, in augustus, stroomde deze rivier over. Al het land eromheen kwam onder water te staan.Daar bleef het zo'n 6 weken liggen. De mensen in Egypte waren de "hemel dankbaar" dat die overstroming ieder jaar gebeurde. Want nu was de grond langs de rivier vruchtbaar geworden. En dan konden de mensen daar wat op verbouwen. Zo konden de Egyptenaren aan voedsel komen. Omdat veel mensen bij de Nijl wilden wonen, ontstonden er langzaam dorpen en steden. En dat was heel bijzonder in die tijd ! En als er veel mensen bij elkaar wonen, heb je regels en wetten nodig. Anders gaan mensen ruzie maken. Omdat al die mensen met elkaar gingen samenwerken, ontstond er in Egypte een cultuur. Mensen leerden van elkaar. Op deze kaart zie je de Nijl. De rivier is ruim 6600 km lang. Soms is de rivier 1 km breed, maar het kan ook 20 km zijn. Je ziet dat de belangrijkste steden vlakbij de Nijl ontstaan. Je ziet ook dat er 2 koninkrijken bestonden (Neder-Egypte en Opper-Egypte) Rond 3100 v. Chr. werden deze 2 rijken samengevoegd tot 1 groot rijk. Het grote Egypte werd geregeerd door een koning (Farao) Als een farao stierf, werd iemand anders in zijn familie koning. De farao's worden ook wel verdeeld in families. Dat noemen we dynastieën. De Egyptenaren dachten dat de farao door de goden gestuurd was om hen te helpen. Dat betekende dat de farao half mens en half goddelijk was. Na zijn dood zou de farao in het rijk van de goden verder leven, maar dan moest zijn lichaam na de dood goed bewaard blijven. Nadat een farao gestorven was, haalde men de hersenen en andere delen van het lichaam eruit. Daarna bedekten ze het lichaam met een zoutachtig wit poeder. Zo bleef de farao dagenlang liggen, tot zijn lichaam uitgedroogd was. Daarna werd het lichaam gewassen en werd de farao in een soort verband gewikkeld. (Dat noem je mummificeren) De farao krijgt nog een masker op zijn hoofd. Tenslotte werd hij in zijn versierde doodskist gelegd (sarcofaag) Naast zijn graf lagen allerlei kostbare voorwerpen en sieraden, want de farao zou die wel eens nodig kunnen hebben na zijn dood. De balsemers verwijderen de hersenen en de organen van de dode. De rechter man doet ze in een vaas. Daarna verpakken ze het lichaam met natron, een soort zout. Daardoor droogt de huid uit en blijft nu altijd bewaard. Tijdens het wikkelen stoppen familieleden tussen die lagen "verband" juwelen en beeldjes. Ook bidden ze voor zijn ziel. Als het klaar is, is de dode gemummificeerd. De dode is een mummie geworden. De dode krijgt een masker. De balsemers dragen dierenmaskers en doen alsof ze goden zijn. Het mummificeren duurt ongeveer 70 dagen bij elkaar. Omdat sommige goden leken op dieren, waren sommige dieren voor de Egyptenaren "heilig". Katten, krokodillen en een koe bijvoorbeeld. Hier zie je een mummie van een kat, want deze dieren werden ook gemummificeerd. Hier een mummie van een koe Dit was het algemene gedeelte, klik op "Egypte" om in het hoofdmenu van de Egyptenaren te komen.

Geert Wilders

Early life and career Wilders was born in Venlo, Netherlands in the province of Limburg, where he was raised a Roman Catholic. He received his secondary education at the Mavo and Havo of the "R.K. St. Thomas College" in Venlo. He followed a health insurance course at the "Stichting Opleiding Sociale Verzekeringen" in Amsterdam and gained several Law certificates at the Dutch Open University. His father was a manager for the printing and copying manufacturing company Océ.[1] After working in the health insurance industry, Wilders became a parliamentary assistant to Frits Bolkestein in 1990, in that time keeping up a heavy travel schedule. Wilders' wife is Hungarian.[2][dubious – discuss] In 1997, Wilders was elected for the VVD to the municipal council of Utrecht, the fourth largest city of the Netherlands. A year later, he was elected to the national parliament.[citation needed] [edit]Political career In September 2004, Wilders left the liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD in Dutch), having been a member since 1989, to form his own political party, Groep Wilders, later renamed Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV or Party for Freedom).[3] He left the liberal party, over a dispute within the VVD in late August 2004 about, among other things, his refusal to endorse the party's position that EU-accession negotiations must be started with Turkey. Geert Wilders has been in the Tweede Kamer since 1998. His party program states that Wilders' party is committed to "freedom of the individual"; Wilders believes that the Netherlands has been held hostage by elitist (mostly social democrat and left-wing liberal) politicians for decades. He claims to want to give it "back to the people", and in this respect he has been labeled a populist by the establishment. His political views (and so the ones of the PVV as well) often overlap those of the murdered Rotterdam politician Pim Fortuyn and his List Pim Fortuyn. There are strong resemblances, certainly on socio-economic issues, to libertarianism. Wilders wants to lower taxes, cut most welfare programs, raise highway speed limits and minimize state regulations by making it mandatory to scrap two legal rules for every new one to be instated. He also wants to reintroduce the mandatory army service. On the crime issue, he has supported a U.S.-style three strikes law with mandatory life sentences after three separate acts of violent crime.[4] In polls released following the assassination of Theo van Gogh, it was estimated that Wilders' party could win as many as 29 (out of 150) seats in the Dutch parliament. With the uproar over the killing of Van Gogh subsiding, this number declined to a low of one in October 2005. In February 2006, after the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, it rose again to three seats. A few weeks after the assassination, Geert Wilders stayed away from regular meetings in parliament for several weeks. Even though a member's presence is not mandatory, it is uncommon not to show up for weeks on end. Wilders claims that he did this out of concern for his personal security. Having been assigned a new seating position in the parliamentary meeting hall (one further away from the public observation area), he has once again started to attend meetings. Wilders is under constant security protection because of frequent threats to his life.[5] On 10 November 2004, two suspected terrorists were captured after an hour-long siege of a building in The Hague. They had three grenades and have been accused of planning to murder Geert Wilders as well as then fellow MP Ayaan Hirsi Ali.[6] The men in question were presumed members of what the Dutch intelligence agency, the AIVD, has termed the Hofstadgroep. In September 2007, a Dutch woman was sentenced a 1-year prison term for sending out more than 100 threatening emails to Wilders.[7] In recent interviews, Geert Wilders more than once indicated that the Dutch constitution and European Convention on Human Rights should be amended or temporarily suspended to protect citizens from "Islamic extremism". He is in favor of stripping criminals with dual nationality of their Dutch citizenship and deporting them to their country of origin.[4] In response to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy Wilders posted the cartoons on his website (1 February 2006), purportedly in support of the Danish cartoonists and freedom of speech. Following his publication, Wilders stated he had received more than 40 death threats in just two days. In November 2006, PVV won, in its first parliamentary election, 9 of the 150 open seats. The Dutch newspaper Telegraaf reported in May 2007 that Geert Wilders had been shadowed by the Dutch General Intelligence and Security Service for years, when he was foreign affairs spokesman for the VVD. During that time, Wilders had been regularly meeting officials at the Israeli Embassy in The Hague.[8] Sources in the security service said that the agency was surveilling conversations between Wilders and Israeli personnel.[9] The security services denied the allegations, insisting it had never shadowed or eavesdropped on Wilders.[10] On 15 December 2007, Wilders was declared politician of the year by NOS-radio, a mainstream Dutch radio station. The parliamentary press praised his ability to dominate political discussion and to attract the debate and to get into publicity with his well-timed one-liners.[11] The editors eventually gave the title to Wilders because he was the only one who scored high both among the press as well as the general public.[12][13] In response to Wilders' outspoken statements, a countermovement was organized in December 2007 with the stated aim to "stop evil".[14] [edit]Political views Geert Wilders favors the restriction of immigration to the Netherlands, particularly from non-Western countries. He recently made a movie Fitna which offers his view on Islam and the Qur'an. As self-proclaimed defender of free speech and critic of Islam, he has sought to ban the Qur'an in the Netherlands[15] because he believes it to be in conflict with Dutch law.[16] [edit]Israel In the past twenty five years Geert Wilders has visited Israel about forty times[17], where he has, according to his own sayings, met Ariel Sharon and Ehud Olmert personally. [17]He claims to have tight connections with the Mossad.[18][17] Originally, Wilders wanted to move to the Jewish state because he thought one could, as opposed to the Netherlands, 'work for your own money'.[17] Wilders worked in bread factories and a moshav.[19] With the money he earned, he traveled through Israel and some near countries. He started to love Israel, or as he states it in his own words in 2003: "The past years I have visited many interesting countries, from Tunisia to Turkey and from Cyprus to Iran, but nowhere I have that special feeling of solidarity that I always get if I set foot on the Israeli Ben Gurion Airport." [17] Wilders has, in the eight years he has served in the Dutch Parliament, always supported Israel and attacked countries he perceives as enemies of Israel.[17] Furthermore, Wilders has made some proposals in the Dutch Parliament inspired by Israel. For example, in 2005 Wilders proposed implementing Israel's administrative detention in the Netherlands, a practice heavily criticized by human rights group Amnesty International. Also, at the time Wilders was member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, he had an employee who directly came from the Israeli Embassy. [17] [edit]Islam Referring to the increased population of Muslims in the Netherlands, Wilders has said: "Take a walk down the street and see where this is going. You no longer feel like you are living in your own country. There is a battle going on and we have to defend ourselves. Before you know it there will be more mosques than churches!"[20] Later, Wilders suggested that Muslims should “tear out half of the Koran if they wished to stay in the Netherlands” because it contained 'terrible things' and that Muhammad would “in these days be hunted down as a terrorist”. These statements caused strong reactions in Muslim countries such as Tunisia, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia.[21][22] On 8 August 2007, Wilders opined in a letter[23] to the Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant that the Koran, which he called a "fascist book", should be outlawed in the Netherlands, like Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf.[24] He stated that: "The book incites hatred and killing and therefore has no place in our legal order."[25] On 15 August 2007, a representative of the Prosecutors' Office in Amsterdam declared that "dozens of reports" against Wilders had been filed, and that they were all being considered.[26] Due to this position on Islam, the Dutch-Morrocan rapper Appa, when interviewed about Wilders for a newspaper, said “if someone were to put a bullet in his head, I wouldn't mind”.[27] Wilders charged him with threatening with death. Appa denied this, saying that he wouldn't care (if it happened), accusing Wilders of harboring the same attitude towards Muslims.[citation needed] [edit]Fitna Main article: Fitna (film) Fitna is a 2008 short film by Geert Wilders that explores Qur'anic motivations for terrorism, Islamic universalism, and Islam in the Netherlands. The film's title comes from the Arabic word fitna which is used to describe "disagreement and division among people", or a "test of faith in times of trial".[28] It is the subject of an international controversy and debate on the limits of free speech.

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